Operational Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Operational Strategy - Essay Example The most conspicuous of these organizations was Webvan, which arrived at a financial exchange estimation of $7.9 billion toward the finish of its IPO. Webvan, Home Grocer, PeaPod and a few other Internet food merchants made immense wagers that selling goods online was a development advertise and spoken to another method of working together. Lamentably, as has been delineated by the broadly advanced falls of these prominent Internet food merchants, there was a significant hole among hypothesis and useful application. Interestingly, there are right now a few instances of staple and other food conveyance organizations that give off an impression of being utilizing the Internet as a connection with clients. Specifically, both Tesco in the UK and Albertson's in the USA at present have Internet channels for selling staple goods that are gainful (Hall, pp.A9; Koller, 13-14). Though huge numbers of the bombed Internet merchants seemed, by all accounts, to be wanting to catch an enormous segment of the general basic food item showcase, organizations, for example, Tesco and Albertson's view Internet requesting of goods more as an extra deals channel. This channel is probably not going to ever speak to a larger part of food merchant deals, however even a little bit of deals can be very noteworthy because of the enormous size of the general market. We will initially concentrate on t... We will likewise look at Webvan and Tesco utilizing a system for breaking down the advantages and difficulties of e-benefits in for all intents and purposes any industry (Boyer et al., 177-90). This procedure obtains from the item profiling technique created by Hill and utilized in activities system (Hill, 2004). It takes into consideration examinations among customary and web based business strategies on nine tasks related scales. This will give a pictorial clarification of why Webvan couldn't succeed while showing why Tesco is bound to be increasingly effective. Vital Alignment One stream of examination on tasks procedure has concentrated on the key procedure, including how techniques are created and refined. Everything considered it is conceivable to clarify the disappointment of an organization, for example, Webvan and the overall achievement of Tesco through an assessment of the key procedure. This area audits essential hypothesis on the key procedure and uses this hypothesis to all the more likely comprehend the probability of accomplishment in the Internet basic food item business. Doorman (2001, p. 62) scrutinized a significant number of the pioneers of Internet business for damaging fundamental vital standards: Increasing upper hand doesn't require a profoundly new way to deal with business; it requires expanding on the demonstrated standards of viable system. We will analyze Webvan for instance of an organization that in a race to demonstrate it was a model new economy organization, disregarded a few essential vital standards, including the need to coordinate tasks and promoting systems. The tasks methodology process is regularly displayed as a various leveled one in which utilitarian procedures, for example, activities, coordinations, promoting and money are driven by the more elevated level business system. A key

High School Finals vs. College Finals

Secondary School Finals versus School Finals Finals are the most charming season with those books and talk notes, restless evenings and gallons of espresso. OK, we are joking! Who on the planet adores finals? In any case, regardless of whether you are in secondary school and abhor finals, it doesnt imply that you dont need to be intellectually arranged for conclusive meetings which anticipate you in school. Or on the other hand, perhaps you are as of now an undergrad and need to revive secondary school finals in your memory to whine that those children from secondary school dont know yet how fortunate they are. Anyway, what are the fundamental contrasts between secondary school finals and school finals? Which are more earnestly? We have arranged a near rundown only for inquisitive folks like you. Secondary School Finals A great deal of undergrads state that secondary school finals are childs play. They are a lot simpler and less unpleasant than the finals in school. We dont imply that finals in secondary school are as simple as pie. Be that as it may, they are not that serious deal. For the most part, your tests in secondary school worth about 15% of the review and contain just the data that you were concentrating in class. Clearly, they require planning andâ reviewing the materials. You may likewise need to do online tests and tests or study with your companion utilizing question cards. Eat well, have enough rest, glance through your notes before the test and dont alarm an excessive amount of †these are the fundamental tips for each secondary school understudy who needs to pass finals effectively. Yet, in the event that you believe that secondary school finals are the most extreme time you experience during scholarly examining, at that point we, really, should reveal to you the terrible news. School finals are not at all like secondary school ones. School Finals School classes may cover certain materials which you have just concentrated in secondary school. For instance, a specific book, a sonnet or chronicled occasions. Yet, the way to deal with contemplating is altogether different in school. It requires inside and out research and examination. That is the reason its not astonishing that you need to direct a great deal of research while doing school schoolwork. In class, you are given fundamental premise †a skeleton that permits you to construct your insight around it. Your inspiration and your desire are the fundamental components which characterize your capacity to finish the assessment. In this way, looking at insightful sources suggested by your educator isn't only a choice †its â€Å"a must† for you. Else, you wont have the option to finish the assessment. A professional tip: If you are searching for different tips for improving your evaluations, look at our recommendation on how you can turn into an A-level understudy. The Importance School finals are about difficult work. You can see many half-snoozing understudies strolling around the grounds during this period. Evaluations for finals make half of your last grade which causes additional weight. Last tests are likewise about dealing with your timetable as its difficult to concentrate well and have low maintenance work, public activity, and side interests. Along these lines, its not astonishing that the words â€Å"college finals week† can be found in an understudy jargon some place in the middle of â€Å"apocalypse† and â€Å"insomnia.† The most effective method to Survive Finals Week Things being what they are, are there any odds to get by through the school finals week and keep your mental stability? Obviously, there are. Numerous understudies effectively finish their assessments on the off chance that they put enough exertion into concentrating through the semester or if concentrating hard just before the finals. In the event that you are an undergrad, at that point you most likely realize what the principle things that an understudy needs all through the finals and a dead week are †something that can be known as a school finals endurance unit. Fundamentally, such a unit ought to contain: Stickers, markers, and bookmarks †in light of the fact that you need to glance through a huge number of pages and need to check the most significant things. Confections, treats, and chocolate bars †in light of the fact that you have to help your mind movement and lessen worry with sugar or some sound vitality supporter food. Caffeinated beverages and espresso †on the grounds that you should invest a great deal of energy examining and not nodding off. Alert: be cautious with caffeine as its not totally sheltered.  Incidentally, the most exceedingly awful thing you can do is pulling dusk 'til dawn affairs as along these lines you will simply burn through your time. At the point when you are focused and sleeping, particularly if reading for a really long time, your mind cannot see and recall data appropriately. That implies that you will spend these restless evenings futile. Summing up: The Key Differences Along these lines, lets investigate the key contrasts between secondary school and school finals. The Value Finals in secondary school make up to 15% of your evaluation, that is the reason they wont characterize the last score as much as assignments you finished all through the contemplating year. School finals, in their turn, make up to half of the evaluation which causes a lot of weight, as you can bomb the course simply because of an unfortunate day. The Place for Studying As a secondary school understudy, you most likely marvel why such a large number of undergrads incline toward having considering meetings in the library? That is on the grounds that they need a calm spot that can get them into the correct mind-set to have long considering meetings without being diverted by various variables like boisterous flat mates. Secondary school understudies for the most part concentrate for their tests at home or in places like a smorgasbord, park, and so on. The Materials When reading for secondary school finals, you normally simply need to glance through the notes you recorded in class. Understudies for the most part can be spotted with huge amounts of books around them and perusing through articles and different sources on the web. The Difficulty Secondary school finals as a rule contain unsurprising inquiries that you can get ready in advance. In school, the trouble of the inquiries relies upon the teachers choice as it were. Along these lines, make certain to abstain from ruining your relationship with your teacher in the event that you need to finish your school tests. Thus, these were the principle contrasts between secondary school and school tests. On the off chance that you are interested about what different contrasts between secondary school and school are, look at our article! Have something to include? Simply let us know!

How to Find a Lead Investor

How to Find a Lead Investor If you are setting up a new business, one of the first things you need to start thinking about is finding financing. When it comes to start-up funding, investors are often the best way to channel initial funding for your business. © Shutterstock.com | AMV_80This guide will look at one of the most crucial aspects of financing: finding the lead investor. You can learn about 1) what a lead investor means, 2) why finding one matters for your business and 3) the things you should look for before you begin searching. You’ll also be able to understand the four crucial steps to finding a lead investor.WHAT IS A LEAD INVESTOR?Anyone looking for funding a business must be aware of the difference between a lead investor and an investor. In short, lead investors tend to be much more involved in the business, both in terms of the amount of money they provide for the business and the information they might receive on a monthly basis in terms of operations, compared to general investors.The Business Dictionary defines a lead investor as a:“Partner or investor with the largest share of capital in a syndicated financing arrangement. A lead investor is usually the initiating venture capitalist who takes charge of the deal, and who may also act on behalf of the investors”A lead investor can be a single individual or an investor group. The key difference to other investors is the commitment of lead investors. Lead investors are able to work closely with the business and provide their expertise and time for the business. In many instances, the business information is shared closely with the lead investor.Although lead investors are often the investors who put the most capital into the business, it doesn’t necessarily have to be that way. The most important factor is the level of involvement, as lead investors are typically closely associated with decision-making and expertise in the new business. Nonetheless, in most instances, the initial investment of a lead investor will be significantly higher to what other investors might be considering.Since lead investors are such a vital player in a business’ development process, they can be quite hard to find. A lead investor is expected to provide not ju st capital, but also the expertise and therefore, many investors prefer to let other investors take the leading role.The responsibilities of a lead investorPerhaps the easiest way to understand what lead investors are all about is by looking at their responsibilities. A lead investor is not just a funding machine for the business; a good lead investor could provide the expertise to guarantee the business grows and reaches its full potential.First, a lead investor will naturally provide the business financial support. It is often quite a substantial amount of money, at least around 20% of the funding round the business is looking for, for example. The lead investor can provide the money to get the business up and running.Second responsibility is to provide structured advice on the direction the business should be heading. A lead investor should provide the business advice and tips that not only can generate more funding, but also boost the business in terms of sales and growth.Finall y, a lead investor has the responsibility of commitment. Whilst other investor can often take the money and run after you’ve completed your financial obligations to them, a lead investor will follow the business much longer. Although a lead investor is not directly involved with the business, in terms of running it, the commitment is to help the business for as long as required.WHY DOES FINDING A LEAD INVESTOR MATTER?Considering the fact lead investors have much more responsibilities to other investors and they are harder to find, does a business require a lead investor? Any new business knows how hard it can be to find good investors, but finding a lead investor can significantly reduce the difficulty.The reason is clear when you look at the name: a lead investor. Since the commitment level is different for a lead investor, your company can send a clear message of trust and interest to other investors by having a lead investor. If you get that one investor attached to your busine ss, you make it much easier to find other’s willing to invest.A lead investor sends out two strong signals for the other investors. First, a lead can ease the burden on other investors. Since you already have someone who’s helping you sort out the finances, other investors might feel happier to invest. You are only after their capital not other commitment, which might take their time away from their other projects.Second, the lead has started the funding, which means your other investors can get on board with a smaller capital investment. This can be important, as many investors might not be happy to invest huge amounts of money to new projects due to their risk status.On the other hand, a lead investor would also make it easier for your business, as they reduce the need for additional funding. Not only can you attract more investors, but also you already have a large investment to get your business moving. Even if you struggle finding further investment, a lead investor would h ave already provided enough to get the business growing.Not to mention the importance of the expertise your business can gain from a lead investor. A great lead investor can provide a wealth of information on topics like funding, marketing and the day-to-day business operations. Therefore, it is essential your business put enough time and effort in finding a lead investor.KNOW WHAT TO LOOK FORBefore we move onto look at the concrete steps you can take to finding a lead investor, it’s important to understand what you should be looking for. Just as there are bad investors and good investors, there are also bad lead investors and good lead investors.What makes a good lead investor?First, you need to remember the responsibilities of a good lead investor. Since you aren’t just after the capital investment, you can’t pick your lead investor based on who can invest the most money. Whilst you do want a significant and tangible investment from the lead investor, the most important thin g is to find someone who is committed and interested.You want your lead investor to be almost as passionate about your business as you are. The business should spark enthusiasm in the lead investor, not just be something they half-heartedly invest in. In fact, your lead investor should be so excited about the prospects for your business that they want to be all in because they know you are going to get big.This means you need to stay away from the “potentials”. These investors keep telling you they might be interested if your business is able to do X and Y. They are not prepared to fully commit, even though they might see the potential. But a good lead investor should be a maverick; someone who is prepared to get on board even if you don’t have a line outside your business of others wanting to invest.What are lead investors looking for from your business?You should also be looking for lead investors who clearly know what they want from your business. For this, you need to know what your business can offer to the investor to guarantee you find the right lead investor.You must clearly think about the possibilities of your business. Don’t think this only in terms of the financial return you think you can offer, although it’s also important, but also how being involved with your business can enhance the investor’s personal expertise and career.Furthermore, it’s important to match the interest and the expertise of the investor with the business and the industry it operates in. For example, if your business were part of the medical technology sector, you’d want to find a lead investor with expertise in this area. Naturally, they don’t need to be the master of the particular business idea or anything like that. But it is important they aren’t a newcomer to the industry or sector.As mentioned in the previous sections, a lead investor should be able to provide you with their input and assistance and this is much harder, if they’ve never worked wit hin the industry or with a similar type of business.Remember to conduct due diligenceFinally, investors often scrutinize the businesses they invest in a meticulous manner. This is to ensure they limit the risks and know what they are getting into. But just as your investor needs to conduct due diligence on your business, you should do the same on the investor.This might not seem as obvious and easy as it sounds. If you are a start-up struggling to get investment, any investor coming your way might sound like a good deal. But you shouldn’t just accept the money.As the lead investor will be heavily involved with your business, you need to make sure the relationship works. There are business partners and then there are the business partners that know just how to challenge you and push you forward. This is what you should be looking for. Someone that can help you to succeed and fulfill your dreams, while also keeping you grounded. You aren’t looking for an investor that gives you mo ney and agrees with everything you do. You need to receive advice on how the business can be even better.When you are looking for a lead investor, the following questions are important to answer:Has the investor/entity previously invested in similar type of companies/industries?Does the investor/entity have experience in start-ups? If so, what is their track record of helping start-ups succeed?If their investments have failed, why did this happen? This is important, as failure might not always be a lack of proper funding or help from the investor’s side, but sometimes could be.What’s their commitment ability for the business? When are they able to provide assistance? How involved are they going to be?Furthermore, as mentioned earlier, a lead investor can be either an individual or an investor group. If you are dealing with an investor entity, such as an investment company, you need to be especially diligent. Before you commit to the group find out whom exactly are you dealing wi th. Will you have a single person helping and contacting you or a group of individuals that will look after your business?THE 4 STEPS TO FINDING A LEAD INVESTORFinding a lead investor won’t be an easy task. As mentioned earlier, many investors don’t want to be as intimately involved with the businesses they invest in and there is quite a bit of competition over potential lead investors. The process of finding a great lead investor won’t be easy, but it can be quite straightforward if you follow these steps.Step 1: Have a solid business planIn order to attract any sort of investor for your business, you need to have a solid business plan. A lead investor will be especially focused on scrutinizing your business plan, as they will be so heavily involved with your business. So, start by ensuring you have a good business plan in place.For example, check out further tips from the video below: The key things to think about are the goals your business has. Think carefully what kind of vision you are going after and what steps are required in order to get there. This is the important part of attracting a lead investors also because it helps you start narrowing down the potential investors.Remember that your business plan doesn’t necessarily need to be perfect or fully developed, as you talk with your investors. Having a business plan doesn’t, in this context, mean you must have the legal framework properly up and running, it is the idea and route map that matters the most. You need to be able to show your potential lead investors what the business is all about, where it hopes to be in the next year, five years and ten years. Furthermore, you need to be able to showcase an understanding of the potential hurdles and obstacles and show a way to solve them.You should definitely keep your business plan grounded in reality. You need to aim high, but you can’t forget about the resources you have at your disposal. Don’t try to make your business sound more intere sting or lucrative than it is. A good lead investor will spot the business plans that are what they say they are.Step 2: Look for an investor that matches your business planOnce you have the business plan ready, you already have an idea on the type of lead investor you want to find. At this point, it is a good idea to take advantage of your local small business incubators. These incubators can be a great source for making connections and finding more about the investor scene at your local area or in your specific industry.You can also contact other business organizations. When it comes to finding a lead investor, your personal connections play a crucial role. Since you want to find someone you get along with well and who can act as your mentor, it is a good idea to see if there are people around you suitable for the role.Do remember not to opt for your mother! While the lead investor can encourage other investors with their initial investment, the responsibilities are greater than j ust the personal rapport. So, use your inner circle to see if there are suitable candidates, but don’t opt for a family member.At this point, you can also discuss lead investor candidates with other potential investors. If you have already attracted these ‘potentials’, you can definitely ask their advice for a lead investor. It might be, that while they aren’t ready to commit to your business as heavily as a lead investor would, they know a candidate for the role.If you are a start-up, you want to find seed level investors. These investors are specifically looking for risky investment opportunities and companies that are starting from scratch. On the other hand, look for growth investors if you are an established business ready to take it to the next level.Step 3: Start building a relationship with potential lead investorsWhen you’ve been able to find a few potential investors, you need to start building a relationship with the person or group. Finding the right lead inves tor is much more than just asking for money and signing a contract. In fact, you don’t want to be suggesting the investment opportunity immediately.Since the lead investor needs to be passionate about your business, it is a good idea to build a relationship first. Talk about your ideas for the business and build an understanding of what the investor thinks about the business ideas. Don’t bring up investment â€" you almost want your lead investor to suggest the investment.In the investment world, a ‘no’ can unfortunately be a definite answer. Therefore, you don’t want to rush your investment proposal at any stage. After all, you are looking for someone who is sold on your idea, not someone who needs months of convincing.Most seed investors are excited about new investment and leading opportunities. Use this to your advantage and get them excited about the business. Invite them to visit your business and look at how things are shaping up.Once you see the person is excited, p op the question. Make sure you clearly outline what you are looking for â€" a lead investor who can provide you the support you need â€" and let them know what your business can offer â€" in terms of monetary gain, but also personal fulfillment.Step 4: Negotiate a term sheetIf you have found a lead investor who is happy to invest in your business, you need to start negotiating the term-sheet. Remember you are still going to want to make a good deal for your business â€" don’t just accept an offer they give you without thinking it through.It is important to hire a professional lawyer to help you with this process. Even if you’ve found someone you trust, you still want a third party to go through every single detail to ensure there won’t be any problems later on.You want to be clear about the terms of the investment in terms of the capital stake, the control of your business and how you’ll pay back the investment.Finding a lead investor will require plenty of research and plan ning. But if you outline the essentials you are looking for in an investor and prepare your business plan to mitigate risks, you can achieve this goal.

Accounting for Incomplete Records - 58807 Words

Advance Financial Accounting (FIN-611) VU LESSON # 1 ACCOUNTING FOR INCOMPLETE RECORDS 1. Introduction This topic is also known as Single Entry System of Accounting. In this chapter we will learn how an accountant prepares financial statements of those organizations which are not keeping up proper double entry book keeping system of accounting. From accounting system stand point, business organizations can be classified into three broad categories: 1.1 Small scale business entities These consist of very small sized business entities like; barber shop, mutton shop, washer man, general store, electrician etc. etc. 1.2 Medium scale business entities These consist of medium sized business entities like; drycleaner, motor car dealers,†¦show more content†¦Name of the Organization Statement of Profit or Loss For the year ended December 31, 20x7 Rs. Owner’s Equity (closing balance) *** Add Drawings (during the year) *** Less Owner’s Equity (opening balance) (**) Fresh Capital (introduced during the year) (**) Net profit (for the year) [balancing figure] *** 2.3 Statement of Affairs From examination stand point, Drawings and Fresh capital will be given in the questions but often the students will be required to calculate the opening and closing balances of Owner’s Equity as these will not be given in the question as a single amount. (C) Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 2 Advance Financial Accounting (FIN-611) VU If you have not yet forgotten the basic accounting equation then Statement of Affairs is very simple to understand. What you learned in the basic accounting equation was that: ASSETS = OWNER’S EQUITY + LIABILITIES So to calculate the balance of owner’s equity the equation will be reversed like: OWNER’S EQUITY = ASSETS + LIABILITIES Name of the Organization Statement of Affairs As on Opening and Closing Date Opening Rs. ASSETS Furniture and fixture (net of depreciations) Stocks Debtors (net of provisions) Prepaid expenses Bank Cash LIABILITIES Loan Creditors Accrued expenses OWNER’S EQUITY (Net Assets) *** *** *** *** *** *** Closing Rs. *** *** *** ***Show MoreRelatedThe Past Five Years Auditing1199 Words   |  5 Pageslimited financial resources there is a higher risk that segregation of duties will be compromised as employees often hold multiple roles and responsibilities, as is the case with the accounting functions at VHL. 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Media Portrayal of Islam Essay - 760 Words

Islam: suppressor of women, enemy of Western nations, and breeder of terrorists. The West has many stereotypes and misconceptions about Islam that are due to the media, prejudice, and ignorance. Islam is often seen as an extremist or terrorist religion. Often, the medias reports about Islam are incorrect due to ignorance or not wanting to acknowledge its true teachings. This is one of the reasons why Westerners are often wary of Muslims. In contrast to what the media portrays, Islam is a peaceful religion, which does not promote violence or terrorism. Islamic stereotypes are not new to Western culture. Problems can be traced back to the time of the Crusades, when Christians and Muslims were vying for control of Jerusalem. At†¦show more content†¦Although some fringe movements of other religions are quite radical and violent, extremists in the Muslim world receive a disproportionate amount of media coverage. Associating Islam with violence is a false impression that the Western public has long cultivated about this religion. An example of this misconception is that Islam is a religion spread by the sword, meaning that Muslims went from one end of the world to the other, conquering nations and forcing the inhabitants to either convert or die. The truth is that Islam spread through the expansion of the Ottoman empire, not that people were forced to convert or die. A modern day example of the Islam=violence misconception is Saddam Hussein. Although Hussein is of the Islamic faith, not all of his actions necessarily represent Islamic beliefs. As seen from a Western perspective, Islam is a religion that refuses women the right to educate themselves, participate politically, economically, and socially in their communities, and forces them to wear veils as a sign of subjugation to male authority. I myself, until very recently was prone to these beliefs. It wasnt until I participated in an alpha-beta culture game that I was able to grasp a womans view within a male dominated society. Islam grants women the right to be educated, to vote, and otherwise participate socially, economically, and politically while maintaining thatShow MoreRelated The Media Portrayal of Islam Essay954 Words   |  4 PagesThe Media Portrayal of Islam Islam is portrayed and is commonly accepted as the most violent and largest direct threat to the West. This is a generalization made by most of the West, but it is not particularly the West or the Islamic people’s fault. There is constant turmoil in Islamic countries in the Middle East and these conflicts are what make the news in the West. The only representation in the media that the Islamic nation gets is that of war. 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As well as, identifying how these framings, specifically from Western media, can incite feelings of fear and hatred towards Muslims and Islam. B. Population/ Area of Focus: Young Adults and Adults with access to broadcast and internet media Thesis Statement: Due to limited exposure to Islam and the Muslim lifestyle and a narrow scope of news reporting thereRead MoreMedia s Portrayal Of Islamic Extremists During The Middle East1178 Words   |  5 PagesBernardino attacks. Tensions between the U.S. and Islamic extremists have not yet subsided. Americans receive information regarding Islamic extremists through the media, from which they form opinions on what the U.S.’s foreign policy with the Middle East should be, which affects military spending. To what extent has the media’s portrayal of Islamic extremists affected U.S. military spending and relations with the Middle East? Social and cultural aspects play a significant role in the media’s unflatteringRead MoreRepresentations Of Religion And Western Media1499 Words   |  6 PagesRepresentations of Religion in Western Media Islam There is a current obsession in western media, (during the last decade) pertaining to â€Å"Islam and the West†. This current obsession is filled with negative signifiers with the global media’s predominantly negative, and to an extent racist portrayal of Islam and Muslims. Muslims are generally represented as violent, fanatical, bigoted, or as extremists and terrorists. Media coverage of Islam-related issues has changed drastically since the start ofRead MoreThe Media s Perception Of Islam And Islam918 Words   |  4 Pagesthe West and Islam. The media has contributed to how the Western civilization views Islam and Muslims which essentially created the idea of an â€Å"us† versus â€Å"them† mentality instead of coexisting with one another. How people see the world is through the media. The Western media has not contributed positive images. Therefore, misunderstandings of Islam and Muslims have created negative perceptions. This paper will discuss the W est’s perception of Islam and how the media has defined Islam and MuslimsRead MoreThe Last Days Of Muhammed Atta By Martin Armis Essay858 Words   |  4 Pagesresult of the attacks during September 11, 2001, that media began to highlight misconceptions about Muslims and terrorism, giving rise to Anti-Muslim and Anti-Islam sentiments, or Islamophobia. In â€Å"Global Terror and the Rise of Xenophobia/Islamophobia,† Muhammad Saffer Awan (2010) revealed that many reporters, writers, and educators have used the events of 9/11 as an excuse to intensify the hostility towards Muslims and reconstruct the concept of Islam as a backward religion. He gives the example of aRead MoreThe Way Western Media Reports Events1073 Words   |  5 PagesThe way Western media reports events going on in the world influences the attitude Westerners have towards those events. Whether or not the media portrays the entire story or the full truth, most Westerners do not question the reports. Curr ently, Western media incorrectly portrays the members of the terrorist group ISIS as pure Islamic followers because of their use of verses in the Quran to justify their extremist actions. However, ISIS has a vastly different interpretation of the Quran than otherRead MoreTerrorists versus Muslims1151 Words   |  5 Pagestowards defining Islam as a violent religion. Islam was developed in the Middle East and spread around the world to form a following of over 1.5 billion people, which is over 1/7th of the total population of the world. Islam is the 2nd largest religion in the world, to say that the majority of Muslims are terrorists or criminals because of their religion would mean that a large fraction of the world are criminals. Most Muslims in modern society are ordinary people who practice Islam, but because ofRead More Arabs in the Media: Victim or Villain? Essay1339 Words   |  6 PagesArabs in the Media: Victim or Villain?   Ã‚  Ã‚   For decades, the media portrayal of the Arab culture and Islam has contributed to a skewed public opinion in America. Looking closely at the news coverage concerning the Middle East and the United States, there is an inherent media bias against Arabs and Muslims as foreign threats to domestic security. Stephen Franklin argues that Islamic nations are often portrayed in news reports as uniformly intolerant and anti-democratic (Franklin 17). Unfortunately

Data set Free Essays

A sample is a subset or portion of a population. Sample should represent the population with fewer but sufficient number of items. One Population can have several samples with different sizes. We will write a custom essay sample on Data set or any similar topic only for you Order Now A small portion or part taken from something whether it’s a particular race, inhabitants, data, or items to show or to be the representative of the whole. Its significance to statistics are fairly similar to its original meaning. It is a slice of all of its characteristics. In researching and gatherings info it would be costly and very impractical to work on the whole rather than just a sampling of the whole. A New York newspaper reported the average gasoline prices in four metropolitan areas and used a bar chart to illustrate the differences. What type of statistics was shown? What activities did the newspaper use to make the report? I believed that descriptive statistics are shown in this example. This is used to describe basic features of the data in a study. They provide simple summaries about the sample and the measures. Together with simple graphics analysis, they form the basis of virtually every quantitative analysis of data. The statistics shown in this example were collecting data, margining the data, and presenting the data. This helps us to simplify large amounts of data in a sensible way by reducing large amounts of data. This is important to allow your data to be understood in a short period of time. 3. Research a management or marketing article/news/publication that writes about a topic founded on the use of statistics. Evaluate the information according to the following questions and directions. Determine whether the existing information is adequate or additional information is required to support the topic. In the article that I found the information is adequate and no additional Is the presentation of statistics misleading in the context of the topic? The article was to the point and the context was not misleading to the topic. Was statistics used only as numerical information or the framework for decision-making? The statistics were more of the frame work for decision making. By giving all the statistical data on preparing and strategy plan. Allowing the ability to utilize the statistical data. Ramekin, introduced to articulate discussions of sense-making, knowledge management and organizational learning, has much to offer discussion of statistical inference and decision analysis. I explore its value, particularly in its ability to help recognize which analytic and modeling methodologies are most likely to offer appropriate support in a given context. The framework also offers a further perspective on the relationship between scenario thinking and decision analysis in supporting decis ion makers. Was the information summarized in a useful and informative manner? The information was summarized in a useful and informative manner. It was well placed and gave more than enough information on the subject. We show that social scientists often do not take full advantage of the information available in their statistical results and thus missed opportunities to present quantities that could shed the greatest light on their research questions. In this article we suggest an approach, built on the technique of statistical simulation, to extract the currently overlooked information and present it in a reader-friendly manner. More specifically, we show how to convert the raw results of any statistical procedure into expressions that conveys numerically precise estimates of the quantities of greatest substantive interest, and include reasonable measures of uncertainty about those estimates, and squired little specialized knowledge to understand. Analyze and draw your own observations/inferences/conclusions about the information presented based on information you have learned from this module. The statistical technique uses outlined below are very powerful analysis tools but they require a good statistical sample to be effective. These analysis techniques are not generally attempted on data sets with less than 20 wells. Statistically based water saturations give an interpretation of the apparent fluid content of a formation independent of Raw, ‘m’ and volume of shale. An apparent total water saturation is derived as well as an apparent irreducible water saturation. This is a very powerful analysis tool but requires a good statistical sample of both wet and hydrocarbon bearing intervals to be most successful. This analysis is not generally attempted on data sets with less than 20 wells. PART II: CASE STUDY The topic that best catches my interest is E-Business and Wealth. Business conducted online is steadily growing as more companies are creating an online presence, while many new companies are popping up fully online. These e-businesses, like all business, must decide the best ways to generate wealth and value within their given parameters, namely the Internet, as opposed to physical dealings. And can involve the ways that e-businesses generate wealth and value and how those ways differ from traditional businesses before the Internet boom. It can suggest whether or not e- businesses have any advantages or disadvantages and then suggest whether or not businesses without an Internet presence should make one. Surveying both large and small businesses from around the world will help this thesis earner an international, well-rounded perspective. Descriptive statistics aim to describe the prominent features within a collection of data quantitatively. It summarizes a collection of data as a description rather than using the data to learn about the field in which the data represents. Generally, descriptive statistics are always used, even when the main conclusions from the data’s analysis are gained by use of inferential statistics. Inferential statistics is the given title of a process of gaining knowledge from a set of data that are subject to random change or variation. Such data sets would render a descriptive statistic meaningless as the data changes in an unpredictable way. Therefore no knowledge would be gained about the subject that the data represents. The outcome to such a statistical method may be a prediction that can then be used to ensure practical action to be taken. I never before had really thought about statistics and really didn’t know how important it was for businesses. Statistics is a branch of applied mathematics that collects and organizes data to interpret and predict future behavior or results. Almost every business uses statistics, including insurance, consumer products, retail, heuristically and even the federal government. Statistics are important for a number of reasons and can be used for various purposes. Research can be used to make decisions for marketing or financial allocations or deciding whether to consolidate or close the business. Gathering and analyzing the data to reach concrete conclusions about the current and future conditions that your business will face is paramount. Critical decisions need to be based on research because of the impact these decisions have on other people and other businesses. The government uses statistics to measure ongoing economic indicators that greatly affect business and industry. Companies can use statistics to measure market share and market potential, the percent of the market they hold in dollars, and the total amount of dollars and units sold in their industries. Statistics are a core component of marketing research techniques. Companies use marketing research agencies to conduct quantitative research with consumers to evaluate new and existing products. Statistics help companies develop sales forecasts one, two and even five years into the future. Companies can then modify or improve their products, ire additional sales reps and put the necessary resources in place to meet these targets. Sales forecasting statistics are also a useful tool in business and marketing plan development. Statistics help companies develop sales forecasts one, two and even five years into the future. Companies can then modify or improve their products, hire additional sales reps and put the necessary resources in place to meet these targets. Most all Of mankind’s endeavors have a random factor. Statistics is a way of putting numbers to that randomness. Business and research statistics is relevant to most areas of he business world. Statistics is important to business analysis in the fields of manufacturing, agriculture, pharmaceuticals, retail and in many others. Statistics can point out relationships. A careful review of data can reveal links between two variables, such as specific sales offers and changes in revenue or dissatisfied customers and products purchased. Statistics provide the means to measure and control production processes to minimize variations, which lead to error or waste, and ensure consistency throughout the process. This saves money by reducing the materials used to make or remake reduces, as well as materials lost to overage and scrap, plus the cost of honoring warranties due to shipping defective products. How to cite Data set, Papers

Cleopatra Essay Research Paper CleopatraCleopatra was queen free essay sample

Cleopatra Essay, Research Paper Cleopatra Cleopatra was queen of Egypt, last swayer of the dynasty founded by Ptolemy, a Macedonian general of Alexander the Great, who took Egypt as his portion in spliting Alexander? s imperium. Her capital, Alexander, founded by Alexander the Great, was the centre of Hellenistic Greek civilization of the universe at that clip, every bit good as a great commercial centre. Although she imagined as a? beautiful and glamourous adult female today, she was non really beautifully depicted on antediluvian coins, holding a long hook nose, and masculine characteristics? ( Flamarion 181 ) . She deemed to be a strong-minded Macedonian queen who was superb and dreamed of a greater universe imperium. Highly intelligent, this shrewd politician about achieved this end. Her parts as the last of the Ptolemaic Greek swayers of independent Egypt, were the eternal enlargement of the Roman Empire throughout the Mediterranean, and at her decease left behind? a rich, imperial state which continued to boom as the centre of commercialism, scientific discipline, and larning under Roman regulation? ( Newman 554 ) . This natural born leader was the oldest life girl of Ptolemy XII Auletes and of his sister and married woman Cleopatra Tryphaena. Such brother-sister matrimonies were common among members of the Egyptian opinion house. Her male parent, who died in 51 BC, requested the Cleopatra and his oldest boy, Ptolemy XIII, go joint swayers, and made Rome the defender of the Egyptian province. The intent of this paper is to exemplify the life of a outstanding Egyptian figure, who through her finding and strong will, established herself as a Pharaoh and queen of Egypt. Problems arose when the immature Ptolemy began to function as a marionette for power-hungry advisors, who much have found him far more easy to command and dictate than Cleopatra who was older and more intelligent. Cleopatra and her brother started a civil war between themselves, which resulted in her being forced into expatriate to Syria. In Syria, she raised an ground forces and started back to Egypt to recover her throne. In 48 BC, this ambitious sovereign was in Pelusium, on the eastern frontier of Egypt, with her freshly acquired ground forces fixing to assail her brother and his associates. This conflict was neer fought, nevertheless, because Julius Caesar, who had arrived at Alexandria in chase of Pompey, ? claimed the right to intercede the wrangle? as the representative of Rome ( Hoobler 28 ) . Both Ptolemy and Cleopatra were to disregard their ground forcess and meet with Caesar, who would settle their difference. Meanwhile, there was besides a civil war traveling on between Caesar and Pompey. Pothinus, cognizing that Caesar would win, convinced Ptolemy XIII that it would be best to hold Pompey beheaded and hold his caput presented to Caesar, as a manner to convince him to fall in their side in the their civil difference. Caesar had non been ? enchanted, and being friends with Pompey, did non want to hold him treated so disrespectfully? ( Foreman 61 ) . Determined to show her instance, Cleopatra sailed to Alexandria in a little boat with merely a few helpers. There she had herself rolled up in to a rug and carried to Caesar? s castle by one of her attenders who told the guards it was a present for Caesar. She did this because it would hold been impossible to derive entree to the castle without Ptolemy XIII discovering and killing her. Cleopatra realized that in order to derive power she would hold to stay on good footings with Rome and its leaders so she successfully set out to capture him. Both Caesar and Cleopatra used each other to derive something, because he wanted to obtain money, and her chief concern was deriving power. What had begun as a war between Cleopatra and Ptolemy XIII evolved into a war between Ptolemy XIII allied with Arsine, his sister, against Caesar, and became known as the Alexandrian War. Caesar read Aulete? s will to Ptolemy and coerce him to reconstruct her to the throne. When Ptolemy XIII drowned in the Nile, Caesar declared that? Cleopatra should get married her younger brother, so eleven old ages old, and regulation as queen? ( Newman 556 ) in order to delight the Alexanderians and the Egyptian priests. He remained in Egypt, disregarding his personal businesss in Rome and in the East, ? out of haughtiness and his desire to acquire his custodies on Egypt? s huge resources? ( Foreman 99 ) . On his return to Rome, Caesar asks the tribune of the people, Helvius Cinna, to present into the Roman Senate a jurisprudence allowing Caesar to get married Cleopatra and do their boy, Caesarion, his inheritor. Many were disquieted that he was be aftering to get married Cleopatra regardless of the Torahs against bigamy and matrimony to aliens. It took Caesar two old ages to get the better of Pompeian resistance, and every bit shortly as he returned to Rome, they celebrated a four-day victory, or a ceremonial parade held to honour winning generals. This quick-witted adult female arrived in Rome with Ptolemy XIII and Caesarion, and they lived in Caesar? s Villa, where he visited her invariably. Cleopatra had started naming herself the New Isis and was the topic of much chitchat. A aureate statue of her had been put in the Temple of Venus Genetrix, the anchantress of the Julian household to which Caesar belonged. On the Ides of March in 44B.C. , Caesar was assassinated outside the Senate edifice in Rome, ? due to the menace that he posed to the wellbeing of the democracy, because they believed that he was traveling to declare himself king? ( Foreman 83 ) . Shortly after Caesar was stabbed, Cleopatra left Rome, and one twelvemonth subsequently Ptolemy XIII died, merely before he would hold reached the legal age at which he could be expected to take part in the authorities, and some say she may hold poisoned him. On Ptolemy? s decease, Cleopatra had her boy, Caesarion, or? Small Caesar, ? mad e co-ruler at the age of four. Caesar? s blackwash caused anarchy and civil war in Rome. Finally the imperium was divided among three work forces: Caesar? s grandnephew, Octavian, Marcus Lepidus, and Marc Antony. Antony, as one of the new swayers of the Eastern imperium, summoned Cleopatra to Tarsus to reply charges that she had helped republican forces. Antony was in demand of money to establish a run against the Parthians, and hoped Cleopatra would give him the financess he urgently needed. She set out for Tarsus in Asia Minor with tonss of gifts, and entered the metropolis on a excellently decorated boat. She sailed with Ag oars, purple canvass, and dressed as Aphrodite, the Goddess of Love. She already new plenty about his? limited strategic and tactical abilities, his bluish blood, the imbibing, his womanizing, his coarseness and his aspiration, ? ( MacUrdy 79 ) to cognize how to acquire to him. After much banqueting and entertaining for yearss, Egypt remained an independent state alternatively of going a Roman state, as Antony intended. This really seductive adult female agreed to supply him with money on the status that her sister, Arsinoe IV, be executed. Forgeting his duties and responsibility to the Roman imperium, he accompanied this magnetic single to Alexandria and spent the winter with her there. In the spring of 40 BC, Mark Antony left Cleopatra and returned place, after giving her much land, including Cyprus, the Cilcian seashore, Phoenicia, Coele-Syria, Judea, and Arabia, which was really indispensable to Egypt. After the formation of the Second Triumvirate between Antony, Octavian, and Lepidus, Antony married Octavia, Octavian? s sister, in 40 BC to seal a trade with Octavian. It stated that? after the Triumvirate ended the two would both govern the Roman universe, though they allowed Lepidus to stay in northern Africa and regulate the country? ( Foreman 95 ) . Octavian held all of western Europe and Antony held the eastern terminal of the Roman universe. Upon organizing this treaty, he so went Es to run into with Cleopatra once more, because he needed money for his run, and subsequently made a immense error by impairing her, ? which was non morally incorrect, but by Roman jurisprudence was invalid? ( Hoobler 32 ) . In 37 BC, nevertheless, Antony? s March due east led to regenerate friendly relationship and an apprehension between both Antony and Cleopatra. From so on, Cleopatra? s influence over Marc Antony grew, and she wore Egyptian vesture that represented the goddess Isis and is reported to hold adopted the undermentioned curse: ? Equally certainly as I shall one twenty-four hours distribute judgement in the Roman Capital? ( Newman 556 ) . When Antony arranged for Caesarion, and his ain three kids by Cleopatra, to portion governing both Egypt and Roman states in Asia Minor and officially divorced Octavia, the Romans were ferocious. Octavian declared war non against Antony, but against Cleopatra, and announced Antony into the Senate. Romans felt it was much better to declare war on the foreign queen that they believed was act uponing him, than on Antony himself. Cleopatra prevented Antony from go forthing her to contend Octavian, who was winning much of his eastern district from him. At the conflict of Actium in 31 BC, Cleopatra? s Egyptian forces, together with Antony? s Roman forces, faced Octavian? s fleet, commanded by Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa. During this naval conflict, when Cleopatra retreated and Antony, infatuated as he was with her, rapidly followed, and Octavian won a great triumph. Anthony joined his hosts in Cyrene, and Cleopatra turned to Alexandria to enroll more military personnels and to raise new fleet. Octavian offered Cleopatra favourable intervention if she would kill Antony, but she refused. She believed, nevertheless, that if he thought she were dead that he would perpetrate self-destruction, and she was right, his last words being, ? Now, Antony, why hold longer? Fate has snatched off your lone ground for life? ( Flamarion 219 ) . With that, he plunged a sticker into his tummy, nevertheless did non decease immediately. She was a cryptic and intriging adult female who seemed that she would make anything to maintain Alexandria under Egyptian regulation no affair what the effects. Rather than hold to confront the humbleness of go toing her enemy? s victory, she committed self-destruction by being knowing bitten by an asp, which was an Egyptian cobra, and was buried at Antony? s side as she had requested. She died on August 12, 30 BC, at the age of 39. The Egyptian faith declared that? decease by snakebite secured immortality, leting her to accomplish her deceasing wish, non to be forgotten? ( MacUrdy 129 ) . Her decease was the grade of the terminal of Egyptian Monarchs, every bit good as the last Egyptian Pharaoh, because after her decease, Egypt became a Roman state, nevertheless her bequest still lives on. nces. Plants Cited Foreman, Laura. Cleopatra? s Palace: The Search for the Real Queen of the Nile. New York: Cambridge UP, 1973. Flamarion, Edith. Cleopatra: The Life and Death of a Pharaoh. New Jersey: Macmillan, 1981. Hoobler, Thomas. Cleopatra. London: Random, 1989. MacUrdy, Grace Harriet. Hellenic Queens: A Study of Woman Power in Macedonia, Seleucid, Syria, and Ptolemaic Egypt. New York: Small, 1984. Newman, Robert. The Warrior Queens. Toronto: McGraw, 1977. Foreman, Laura. Cleopatra? s Palace: The Search for the Real Queen of the Nile. New York: Cambridge UP, 1973. Flamarion, Edith. Cleopatra: The Life and Death of a Pharaoh. New Jersey: Macmillan, 1981. Hoobler, Thomas. Cleopatra. London: Random, 1989. MacUrdy, Grace Harriet. Hellenic Queens: A Study of Woman Power in Macedonia, Seleucid, Syria, and Ptolemaic Egypt. New York: Small, 1984. Newman, Robert. The Warrior Queens. Toronto: McGraw, 1977.

Cuba Essays (1901 words) - CubaUnited States Relations, Fidel Castro

Cuba Kennedy's Fixation with Cuba Thomas G. Paterson Thomas G. Paterson's essay, Kennedy's Fixation with Cuba, is an essay primarily based on the controversy and times of President Kennedy's foreign relations with Cuba. Throughout President Kennedy's short term, he devoted the majority of his time to the foreign relations between Cuba and the Soviet Union. After the struggle of WW II, John F. Kennedy tried to keep a tight strong hold over Cuba as to not let Cuba turn to the Communist Soviet Union. Kennedy seen Cuba and the Soviet Union as a major threat to the United States. As Castro fell farther and farther into the Communist party, he inched his way closer and closer to becoming a close ally with the Soviet's, As Kennedy seen this happen before his eyes, he was astonished. Kennedy, a newly formed president, did not want to seem like the kind to just sit back and roll with the punches, he wanted immediate action taken for these measures. As someone said, Cuba was one of the four-letter words of the 1960s (268). Cuba was not viewed as a very potential power before Fidel Castro took office. It was viewed more as a neutral country that we sent aide and military supplies to in exchange for sugar and other products. When Castro took office, things drastically changed. He started taking back land that we had set aside for military bases, he wanted the American forces no more than what they had in Washington, and he openly defied orders from America. Unknown to Kennedy Khrushchev, leader of the Soviet Union, was also watching everything that played out between Cuba and the United States. President Kennedy, later realizing, would make a few decisions for the worst. These decisions would haunt him for the rest of his short lived term. Throughout the course of President Kennedy's term the few bad mistakes that he made would come back to haunt him. One such even that put a black mark on Kennedy's record was the whole Cuba uprising. At one point and time, as Kennedy was a senator, supported the Cuban uprising along with many other American's. They thought the uprising was a solid improvement over the oppressive rule of Batista. No where in this line of sight did anybody see the new government becoming Communist. As Castro took over Cuba, he became increasingly radical in his views and actions. When these actions came about, nobody ever suspected that the U.S. might be the ones that forced or led Castro to become the radical leader. The President rejected the idea that intense United States hostility to the Cuban Revolution may have contributed to Castro's tightening political grip and flirtation with the Soviet Union. Nor did Kennedy and other American's with to acknowledge the measurable benefits of the revolution?improvements in education, medical, care, and housing and the elimination of the island's infamous corruption that once had been the American mafia's domain. Instead, Kennedy officials concluded that Cuba's was a ?betrayed revolution' (Paterson 269). As the revolution unfolded day by day, it seemed as if we were not so much worried about Cuba itself, but the fact that everything has a tie in with the Cold War. The Soviets were trying to expand their horizons across the globe and Cuba was another opportunity for the Soviet's to step in and offer aide, military, and support in return for Cuba's Communism. Cuba came to represent the Cold War in the united States' backyard (Paterson 270). Some people felt that Kennedy was not all responsible for the trouble with Cuba. A lot of people believed that the majority of the problem from Cuba started with President Eisenhower. Kennedy's foreign policy troubles have sometimes been explained as inheritances from Eisenhower that shackled the new president with problems not of his own making. To be sure, Kennedy inherited the Cuban problem from Eisenhower (Paterson 272). Another event that was a tremendous backlash for the Kennedy administration was the Bay of Pigs. The Bay of Pigs was a covert operation that was organized by the CIA to overthrow Castro. From the very beginning, the Bay of Pigs was leading to be a disaster. The U.S. even tried to lie to the public

Plural Forms of English Nouns

Plural Forms of English Nouns Have you ever tried explaining to a child why two feet arent foots, or two mice arent mouses? Of course, the grownup response to such questions is, Thats just the way it is. As youngsters, we learned that most nouns in English change from singular to plural with the addition of -s or -es. But regardless of our age, its the few hundred exceptions that can be perplexing. Rule-breakers: mass nounssuch as mud, music, and peacewhich have no plural because they name things that cant readily be countednouns that show up only in the plural (called pluralia tantum)scissors, jeans, and congratulations, for examplea few nouns, like ox and child, that still rely on the Old English plural marker, -ena few other nouns (foot, mouse) that form the plural by changing a voweland several borrowed nouns that hold on to their foreign plural endingssuch as Latin alumni (or alumnae) and Greek criteria To illustrate some of these eccentric plural forms, here are two versions of an amusing little verse by our favorite poet, Author(s) Unknown. The English Lesson (version one) Well begin with a box, and the plural is boxes;But the plural of ox should be oxen not oxes.One fowl is a goose, but two are called geese,Yet the plural of moose should never be meese.You may find a lone mouse or a nest full of mice,But the plural of house is houses, not hice.If the plural of man is always called men,Why shouldnt the plural of pan be called pen?If I spoke of my foot and showed you my feet,When I give you a boot, would a pair be called beet?If one is a tooth and a whole set are teeth,Why shouldnt the plural of booth be called beeth?If the singular is this, and the plural is these,Why shouldnt the plural of kiss be kese?Then one may be that, and three would be those,Yet the plural of hat would never be hose.We speak of a brother and also of brethren,But though we say mother, we never say methren.So plurals in English, I think youll agree,Are indeed very trickysingularly. The English Lesson (version two) Now if mouse in the plural should be, and is, mice,Then house in the plural, of course, should be hice,And grouse should be grice and spouse should be spiceAnd by the same token should blouse become blice.And consider the goose with its plural of geese;Then a double caboose should be called a cabeese,And noose should be neese and moose should be meeseAnd if mamas papoose should be twins, its papeese.Then if one thing is that, while some more is called those,Then more than one hat, I assume, would be hose,And gnat would be gnose and pat would be pose,And likewise the plural of rat would be rose.

Fifth Hour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Fifth Hour - Essay Example kers through some of the huge strides that people have made throughout the world in an attempt to ensure equity for all irrespective of racial origin. In like manner, I admired how contributors across diverse races aired their opinion with boldness and charisma. The event was beneficial to me in several ways as I learned that for a state or a nation to succeed, its occupants must tolerate the diverse cultures that exist within it. For that is what brings the difference between successful and failed states (Munin 188). Moreover, I learnt that racial understanding is of great significance in the current job market as various organizations always open their doors in different nations in an attempt to explore international markets. Over and above, the event made me learn that cohesive existence with our brothers and sisters of unlike originality is beneficial in our development through life, as they play a role in bringing the best out of

Response Paper Guidelines Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Response Paper Guidelines - Essay Example In the opening section of the article, Fitzhugh maintains that he established a quarterly journal in 1987 in order to help other students and teachers measure the outcomes of education. Thus, the journal, The Concord Review, offers the students a chance to publish the exemplary high school history essays. Another forum founded by Fitzhugh, the National Writing Board was concerned with providing an independent assessment of high school research papers and he maintains that the students of history have made good use of it. In the following sections of the article, the author recounts the nature of students’ term papers, and the significance and consequences of writing such papers, etc. He also suggests the various ‘forces’ or hazards that dumb down writing and nonfiction reading in the high schools. According to Fitzhugh, the encouragement and publicity given to serious nonfiction academic writing are not sufficient and the endeavors such as The Concord Review are n ot able to survive due to ‘very little money and few subscribers’.

Project Plan To British Airport Authority Construction Essay

Project Plan To British Airport Authority Construction Essay This report is aimed at producing an effective project plan to British Airport Authority (BAA) using Heathrow terminal 5 as a case study. The methodology used in this project is the problem solving approach where a major problem is identified, the possible solution to the problem is analysed and the best solution for the implementation of the project is recommended. In producing this plan, a major problem of airport congestion was identified and an option appraisal was carried using the SWOT tool to determine whether the proposed project plan was worth doing, the projects scope, definitions and deliverables were clearly stated. Some assumption, considerations and constraints had to be made to assist the project team consulted for this project in understanding and delivering the plan effectively. The projects critical factors, measurable targets dependencies and resource requirements were outlined in this report. Also a detailed cost estimate was done for the allocated budget. Microsoft project package was used to prepare and produce a Gantt chart including a work breakdown structure for each task identifying the major milestones. A communication and risk plan is also included in this report to ensure a smooth implementation of the project plan. Finally this report recommends time duration for the project and a sustainability framework. INTRODUCTION This is a detailed report based on the project plan presentation made by group 5 project consultants to British Airport Authority (BAA) on the 14th of December 2009. The problem solving approach was used in this project plan using BAA terminal 5 as a case study. This report identifies and addresses the problem of passenger and airline congestion in Heathrows existing terminal. In order to fully understand this report, the project background and rational would be discussed in the following section. 1.1 Background Heathrow located in the London borough of Hillingdon was initially a private airport with one grass runway used to assemble and test aircrafts. During World War II, the land occupied by this private airport was acquired by the government to build a Royal Air Force (RAF) Heston Aerodrome which was an army surplus tent small grass airfield. In 1946 it was handed over to Air ministry as Londons new civil airport. Due to the closure of the old terminal on the North side by 1961, airlines either operated from the Europa terminal or the oceanic terminal which handled long haul carriers (now terminal 2 and 3 respectively). Terminal 1 was opened in 1969 by which time about 5 million passengers were passing through the airport travelling from Heathrow to and from all parts of the world (British Airport Authority 2009). The demand for air travel and increased congestion in the central area further created the need for the development of terminal 4 in 1986. As at 2006, Heathrow owned and operated by British Airports Authority (BAA) can boast of nearly 1.4 billion commuters over 14 million flights (British Airport Authority 2009). It is UKs only international network hub airport. As traffic of commuters increased Heathrow Airport is faced with an ever increasing demand for passenger facilities and capacity constraint which has lead to frequent flight delays. This need has further lead to the construction of terminal 5. Terminal 5 is said to be a passenger terminal and associated facilities that would complement Heathrows existing terminals The planning and building of a new terminal (Exciteh 2009), presents a distinctive challenge compared to the construction of any other structure. Building this new terminal would expand Heathrows capacity to accommodate the rapidly increasing number of passengers, improve the safety and security of air transport, introduce high quality facilities, and increase the status of the British airport worldwide. The new Heathrow terminal 5 would be a gateway between the UK and the world. Group 5, is a project management consultancy team based in Aberdeen. This team has been retained as project consultants by BAA to produce a project plan for the successful delivery of her terminal 5 project at its very best. This report shows explicitly all the steps and phases required to produce the final deliverable (the project plan). 1.2 Project Rationale Heathrow is synonymous with international travel and is one of the UKs most significant fiscal assets. As a two runway and four terminal airports in 2005, it is one of the worlds leading airports in terms of passenger and airline capacity. If Heathrow continues to operate within its existing limits, it is forecasted that the airport will handle 87 million passengers a year by 2015 and thereafter 90-95 million passengers a year (Heathrow airport interim master plan 2005). With such an increase in the yearly passenger travel a new terminal is inevitable. Over the years, these existing terminals could accept more traffic because of the implementation of risk reduction measures. However, the continual congestion in Heathrows terminals may reach a condition such that it cannot be said with confidence that these terminals will continue to be safe. However, since the airline industry is a peoples industry without passengers the industry will not thrive. So the objective to build a structure that would stand the test of time and serve its millions of prospective customers thereby reducing congestion cannot be over emphasized. 2.0 PROJECT BUSINESS CASE The development of a business case to all intents and purposes is to gain support, commitment and eventually approval from the top management. The Business Case depicts the reasons for undertaking for the project, based on the estimated costs of the project, the risks and the expected business benefits and savings (APM 2006). The business case highlights the justification for the project. Reports by BAA (2009) shows that Heathrow runway operates at 95% capacity compared to 75% of its major European competitors. This congestion has lead to increased delay, lower resilience and fewer destinations served. Statistics taken from the UK Parliamentary office of Science and Technology (2000) and Airport council International (2008) shown in the table below portrays a rising trend in Heathrows passenger capacity from 1978 2008. Year 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 No. of Passengers (million) 45.4 49.2 50.4 50.7 51.1 53.7 59.4 61.6 Year 1986 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 No. of Passenger (million) 66.3 76.3 82.3 87.1 89.9 84.3 94.6 100.2 Year 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 No. of passengers (million) 109.2 115.6 120.7 130.7 142.2 150.9 64.61 60.74 Year 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 No. of passengers 63.34 63.49 67.34 67.92 67.53 68.07 67.06 Figure 2.1 Average passenger capacity (Adopted from UK Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology (2000) and Airport Council International (2008) To further explain the table above is a graphical representation of the passenger capacity plotted against years. Figure 2.2 Graph showing increasing passenger trend (Adopted from UK Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology (2000) and Airport Council international (2008)) GRAPH ANALYSIS The statistics used for this graph shows all fights into Heathrow airport for terminals 1 to 4. From year 1998 to 2000 there was quite a steady rise in the number of passengers passing through Heathrow. From year 2001 to 2009 Heathrow experienced a decline in airline and passenger capacity. This could be attributed to the global economic situation in many parts of the world and the threat to aviation from international terrorism. On the other hand with the UK economy gradually coming out of this recession there is an expected rise in the number of aviation travel. 2.1 Available options for addressing the opportunity Option Appraisal An option appraisal to determine the best means to achieve the project objectives was done. In carrying out an option appraisal, a need and a cost benefit is first carried out, then objectives are set and options are created and reviewed (Department of Treasure UK 2009). An option appraisal is a decision making technique that identifies the project objectives and explores other alternatives for attaining these objectives. It determines whether the proposal is worth doing and clearly communicates conclusions and recommendation. After a critical analysis a preferred option was taken and used in establishing this project plan. The approach for this project plan also incorporates the traditional project management concept which breaks the project into the various life cycle phases. The three major options identified for this project is as shown below; 2.2 OPTION 1 Do Nothing This option is the base option it involves not embarking on the project. If chosen it may result in undesirable and increasing risks to air passengers due to airport congestion. 2.3 OPTION 2 Expansion of the existing terminals Measures could be taken to expand current terminals including runways to accommodate the increase. However carrying out an expansion work on the existing terminals, would be quite challenging on airlines and passengers. This would require a temporal closure of some of the terminals which may lead to potential loss of customers as they would seek alternative routes. In addition, this approach may leave current structures with minimum factor of safety and do little to improve the deficiencies and congestion in current airport. 2.4 OPTION 3 Construct a new terminal In this option constructing a new terminal of the anticipated capacity would mean that the new terminal would be constructed to expand the operations of older terminals and can potentially replace them. A SWOT analysis for this option was carried out. 2.5 SWOT Analysis SWOT analysis is a technique used to evaluate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats involved in the project. This method involves specifying the project objectives and identifying the internal and external factors (Nigel and William 2002) that could stop or improve the success of those objectives. The environmental factors internal to the firm are classified as strength and weakness while the external factors are classified as opportunities and threats. These terms are further explained below: Strengths Strengths could either be a positive tangible or intangible attribute and they are usually within the organisations control. Weakness These are the areas that project needs to improve on. They can be considered as the projects fault or disadvantage that might prevent them from attaining their goals. Opportunities Opportunities propel an organisation. These factors represent the reason for the project or business to exist and develop. Opportunities are beneficial and may assists to negate threat. Threats Threats are factors beyond the organisations control which could result in project failure. The SWOT Matrix for this project is as shown in Appendix 1. Furthermore a cost estimate is also carried out to determine the preferred option 2.6 Cost Estimate 3.0 PROJECT DEFINITION James P. Lewis defined project as a onetime job that has defined starting and ending dates, a clearly specified objective, or scope to be performed, a pre-defined budget, and usually a temporary organization that is dismantled once the project is complete. For this project the objectives and scope are explained below. 3.1 Goals and Objectives Project objectives as defined by Westland (2007) are statements describing in more details what it is that the project will achieve. It is the desired outcome of the project. Unclear objectives could result in conflict when information is not adequately understood. The objectives of this project plan include the following: To supplement Heathrows other existing terminals to accommodate her increasing customer base and increase the airport current capacity by 30% BAA (2009) To reinforce Heathrows position as Europes principal intercontinental hub To provide excellent customer service and travelling experience to her highly esteemed customers 3.2 Statement of the Project Scope The project scope can be defined as the specific and overall definition of what the projects end result should accomplish (Briggs 2009). It specifies what work is included and excluded in a project perhaps defining in effect the boundaries of the project (Carmichael 2004). 3.2.1 Scope The scope of this project is as follows: An effective project plan for the successful delivery of BAAs Heathrow Terminal 5 project Recommendation of a sustainable development plan for the new terminal 3.2.2 Scope Exclusions Exclusions are done in order to avoid misunderstandings they spell out what the project wont do. The following are the exclusions considered in developing this project plan The project plan would not include the conceptual design of the project The effects of inflation on budgeted cost would not be included The project plan does not include obtaining the necessary permits and authorization documents The project plan does not include the ground rules to be adopted during the implementation of the project plan 3.3 Project Deliverables A deliverable is any unique and verifiable product, result or capability to perform a service that is identified in the project management planning documentation, and must be produced and provided to complete the project (PMBOK 2004). It can also be described as the output of the project during the project and at the end. According to PMBOK (2008) there are four generic life cycle phases for a project. However since this is a mega project, five distinct phases have been identified for efficient planning. For this project, the key deliverables are grouped into the various project life cycle phases as shown in the diagram below: Fig 3.1 Project Life cycle diagram showing the deliverables The life cycle for this project is made up of the conception, planning, execution and control, completion/handover and post project review. These phases are further explained below. Conception phase This is the birth phase of any project in which the scope of the project is defined along with the methodology for delivering project desired outputs. Planning Phase This is the phase where all the plans required to deliver the project objectives and scope is done. This phase is characterized by breaking down the project into smaller more manageable work packages. Execution/ Monitoring phase This is the implementation phase of the project where work towards direct achievement of the projects objectives and the production of the projects deliverables take place (APMBOK 2006).This phase also involves monitoring and control. This involves recording, analysing and reporting project performance and comparing it to the planned performance in order to identify and report deviations as well as develop targets and plans. Completion/Handover Phase This is the project exit phase and the formal orderly end point of a project, either because it has been completed or because it has been terminated early (PMBOK 2004). Post project Review In this phase the lessons learned are reviewed. Below is a detailed explanation of the various deliverables at each project phase, their targets, dependencies and resource requirements. Description of Deliverables Project phase Deliverable Brief Description, targets, dependency and resource requirement Conception Business case This is a document that describes the project justification Target: Approval of top management Dependency:Project objective Resource Requirement:Project client or sponsor Project Initiation document (PID) Project initiation document is a statement of the scope, objectives and participants in a project. It defines the authority of the project manager and roles and responsibilities of project stakeholders. Target: Dependency: Resource requirement:project manager Planning Responsibility matrix It is a tool used to assign tasks relating to each project activity in the Work breakdown structure. It indicates clearly the role and responsibility of each project player Target:roles and responsibility of project players Dependency:work breakdown structure Resource requirement: Project manger Work breakdown structure (WBS) It is a hierarchical decomposition of the project into smaller elements or deliverables called work packages thereby allowing for effective management and control of project scope and objectives (PMBoK 2008). Target: work packages in relation to project objectives Dependencies: Project scope and deliverables Resource requirement: Project manager and input from project team Gantt chart This is a Microsoft project tool that illustrates the project schedule. It is a useful tool in planning, predicting and deciding how resources are used to achieve time and cost goals. Target:Project schedule and project resource requirements. Dependency:Work breakdown structure Resource requirement:Project manager Risk matrix This is a plan used in assessing risk Categories their probability of occurrence and the impact on the project it also highlights controls identified to mitigate the risks. Target: Dependency:Risk assessment Resource requirement;project team Execution/ control phase Completion/ handover Certificate of practical completion (CPC) it is a certificate handed over to the project manager after the project has been completed and has been certified to meet clients and stakeholders requirement. Target:client satisfaction Dependency:Project completion Resource requirement: project owner Lessons learned it is a documentation of all lessons learned in course of executing the project and is kept for future references in order to prevent pitfalls in the execution of similar projects in future. Target;should clearly highlight lessons learned from the project. Dependencies: project completion and client satisfaction Resource requirement: Project manager 3.4 Critical Success Factors The primary objectives of any project being completed within the specified cost, time and good performance are not the only determinants of a successful project. These primary objectives can identify immediate contribution to profit (kerzner 2006) but will not identify if the project has been properly managed. These success factors can be seen as value enhancing practises (VEP). The following are some required factors that will determine the success of BAAs Heathrow terminal 5 project (HT5): Clearly established project goals and procedures Strong support and shared vision from BAAs top management Satisfaction of the various groups of stakeholders with minimum or mutually agreed upon scope changes. The contracting strategy employed would enable suppliers focus on delivery Excellent teamwork and good communication among key players to align and convey objectives The use of standard project management methodologies, tools and techniques. For example monitoring and change management practices should be employed to identify and resolve problems early Availability of technological expertise and equipment 3.5 Critical Project Barriers Unlike risks, critical project barriers are overwhelming issues that can be critical to a projects plan. Should any of these events occur the project plan would become invalid. In this project, the following are possible critical barriers: Removal of project funding Occurrence of force majeure e.g. natural disasters or acts of war 4.0 PROJECT CONSTRAINTS CONSIDERATIONS AND ASSUMPTIONS According to APM Body of knowledge (2006), constraints are issues that could cause a delay or restrictions that would affect the project; considerations are the key elements required to have a binding contract; and assumptions are statements that will be taken for granted as fact and upon which the project business case will be justified. 4.1 Constraints In an airport environment, height limitations are placed to avoid interference with the airport radar systems and this could affect the project team during construction. Logistics challenge due to condensed site area. Ecological constraints and the landscape of the area to support such a project Permit, licensing or consent approvals could take a long time to be obtained considering the sensitive nature of this project Health and safety of the project team and locals during and after construction due to pollution Legal requirements of the construction regulation and environmental act 4.2 Considerations There could be potential changes to the structure in future so provision would be made available for that in the project design. Satisfaction of the projects large and diverse group of stake holders. 4.3 Assumptions BAA the project sponsor and client will accept the project plan offered by this consultant team All project participants will abide by the guideline identified within this plan All necessary approvals have been obtained The time frame for the project is 10 years Management will ensure that the project team is available as at when required to complete project tasks. All project participants will abide by the guideline identified within this plan The required resources are available, and the estimated budget would be adequate for the project Inflation would be constant throughout the period of the project 5.0 PROJECT DEVELOPMENT PLAN A project development plan defines the phases that connect the beginning of a project to its end (PMBOK 2004). Because projects have a beginning and an end, there is a logical sequence of activities or tasks to accomplish projects objectives. This sequence of activities leads to the Work Breakdown Structure 5.1 Work Breakdown Structure Work breakdown structure is defined as a way in which a project may be divided by level into discrete groups for programming, cost planning and control purposes (APMBOK 2006). It acts as a control and monitoring tool in any project and also shows full clarity and understanding of the project scope. The work breakdown structure for this project is shown in appendix 2. 5.2 Gantt Chart The Gantt chart is used in scheduling the work breakdown structure. It is a useful tool in planning, predicting and deciding how resources are used to achieve time and cost goals. It is a type of bar chart used to represent when activities are being carried out or when resources are required. It uses time lines and other symbols to illustrate multiple time-based activities of a project on a horizontal time scale (Carmichael 2004). The Gantt chart for this project is as shown in appendix 3 6.0 Project Organisation and Management Project organizational structure clarifies the makeup of the project board and teams. It identifies the roles and responsibility of the various stakeholders involved in the project. Lock (2007) defined stakeholders as the people and organizations who affect, or will be affected by the project. Stakeholders can be grouped into primary and secondary stakeholders. The principal/primary stakeholders stand to make profit or loss from the project while the secondary stakeholders are non profit making stakeholders. The following are the stakeholders for the HT5 project. Primary Stakeholders Her Majesties Government British Airport Authority (BAA) British Airways (BA) Local Authorities Major contractors Suppliers Project managers Project team Secondary Stakeholders Sub-contractors Local communities Non-Governmental Organisations Employees of Heathrow airport Regulatory Authorities Customers 6.1 Project Structure The diagram shown in Appendix 4 depicts the project organisation structure. 6.2 Roles and Responsibilities Roles and responsibilities needs to be clearly defined among the project team to avoid conflict. The responsibility charts clarifies the duties of each persons involved in the project .The roles and responsibilities table for this project is as shown in Appendix 5. 6.3 Project Approach/Methodology The methodology for managing the implementation of this project plan for BAA Heathrow terminal 5 is the problem-oriented approach. With this approach, a major problem is identified, the cause and the possible solution to the problem and finally a best solution for implementation recommended. For this project, the problem identified was the congestion of passengers and airline capacity constrain which lead to the decision to construct a new terminal in Heathrow. 6.4 Project Controls Lewis (2001) described project control to be the process of comparing where you are and where you are supposed to be so that corrective action can be taken when there is a deviation from target The project manager will monitor and control the project on a daily basis ensuring that issues are properly resolved. The steering committee shall meet at the completion of each milestone as indicated on the Gantt chart, to ensure that no previous issues are carried over and that quality has not been compromised in any form. 6.5 Project Communication In any successful project, there must be a continuous need for communication to issue directives, solve problems, make decisions, resolve conflicts and keep everyone supplied with the required information (Burke 2003). According to Westland (2007) the communication plan identifies the type of information to be distributed to stakeholders (what), the methods of distributing the information (How), the frequency of the distribution (when) and the responsibilities of each person in the project team for distributing the information (who). For this project, the communication plan as shown in appendix 6 is divided into the external and internal communication for the following stakeholders: Project sponsor Project team Steering committee Local community General public 7.0 Project Risk Management Project risk is defined as the cumulative effect of the chances of uncertain occurrences which will adversely affect project objectives. It is the degree of exposure to negative events and their probable consequences. Project risk is characterized by three factors: risk event, risk probability and the amount at stake (PMBOK 2004) Project risk management is a structured process that allows individual risk events and overall project risk to be understood and managed proactively, optimising project success by minimising threats and maximising opportunities (APMBOK 2006). In order words risk management is an approach of identifying, assessing and controlling risk that occurred during the project life cycle 7.1 Project Risk Assessment Issues of risk (uncertainties) cannot be over emphasized. It must be properly identified, analysed and mitigated. The political, technical, financial, environmental and sociological aspects are the key factors that were considered during the risk assessment. For this project, the probabilities of risks occurrence were classified as: 1 Almost impossible to occur 2 Slight tendency of occurrence 3 Likelihood of occurrence 4 Expected possibility of occurrence 5 Extreme possibility of occurrence And the risks impacts were classified as:   1 Little or no impact and work will continue 2 Slight impact but work will continue 3 Limited Impact but could slow down activity and extend completion date 4 Significant impact and could result in the project standstill 5 Massive impact and could result in termination of project The risk breakdown structure and risk identification mapping for this project is as shown in Appendix 7 and 8 respectively. 7.2 Risk Mitigation and Control The process of lowering the probability of a risk occurrence or reducing its effect or impact should it occur in a project is project risk mitigation and control. To be able to mitigate and control risk, we classified the resulting risk indices into three categories using the colour coding as shown below: Colour Coding Red: High Risk (18 25) Yellow: Medium Risk (11 16) Green: Low Risk (1 10) For this project, the risk assessment matrix is as shown in Appendix 9 8.0 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT BAAs sustainability development policy sets a context for improving its environmental performance. This recommendation will look at the following: noise, air, water and the building. AIR Aviation is one of the fastest growing sources of the UKs carbon emissions. It currently represents 6.4 % of the UKs CO2 emissions or 13% of the total climate change. For an important and massive project like the Terminal 5, the following should be considered; Air quality should be weighted on the overall balance of costs and benefits An elaborate air quality computer modelling should be done around major vicinity where the Terminal will be located and around the local areas. Pollutants to model should include but not limited to NO2, PM10 ,Ozone and CO2 The benefit of another runway will surely be of great benefit to the UK Government as facts below states; Benefit to the UK economy of mixed mode at Heathrow is  £2.5 bill